The problem of increasing human energy pdf download

Patterns of the motion of the sun, moon, and stars in the sky can be observed, described, and predicted. At night one can see the light coming from many stars with the naked eye, but telescopes make it possible to see many more and to observe them and the moon and planets in greater detail. By the end of grade 5. The sun is a star that appears larger and brighter than other stars because it is closer. Stars range greatly in their size and distance from Earth.

By the end of grade 8. Patterns of the apparent motion of the sun, the moon, and stars in the sky can be observed, described, predicted, and explained with models. The universe began with a period of extreme and rapid expansion known as the Big Bang.

Earth and its solar system are part of the Milky Way galaxy, which is one of many galaxies in the universe. By the end of grade The star called the sun is changing and will burn out over a life span of approximately 10 billion years. The sun is just one of more than billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, and the Milky Way is just one of hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe. The solar system consists of the sun and a collection of objects of varying sizes and conditions—including planets and their moons—that are held in orbit around the sun by its gravitational pull on them.

This system appears to have formed from a disk of dust and gas, drawn together by gravity. Earth and the moon, sun, and planets have predictable patterns of movement. These patterns, which are explainable by gravitational forces and conservation laws, in turn explain many large-scale phenomena observed on Earth.

These orbits may also change somewhat due to the gravitational effects from, or collisions with, other bodies. These phenomena cause cycles of climate change, including the relatively recent cycles of ice ages. Gravity holds Earth in orbit around the sun, and it holds the moon in orbit around Earth. The pulls of gravity from the sun and the moon cause the patterns of ocean tides. Seasonal variations in that intensity are greatest at the poles. Seasonal patterns of sunrise and sunset can be observed, described, and predicted.

The orbits of Earth around the sun and of the moon around Earth, together with the rotation of Earth about an axis between its North and South poles, cause observable patterns.

These include day and night; daily and seasonal changes in the length and direction of shadows; phases of the moon; and different positions of the sun, moon, and stars at different times of the day, month, and year. Some objects in the solar system can be seen with the naked eye. Planets in the night sky change positions and are not always visible from Earth as they orbit the sun. The solar system consists of the sun and a collection of objects, including planets, their moons, and asteroids that are held in orbit around the sun by its gravitational pull on them.

This model of the solar system can explain tides, eclipses of the sun and the moon, and the motion of the planets in the sky relative to the stars. The seasons are a result of that tilt and are caused by the differential intensity of sunlight on different areas of Earth across the year.

Orbits may change due to the gravitational effects from, or collisions with, other objects in the solar system. These phenomena cause cycles of ice ages and other gradual climate changes.

For example, rock layers show the sequence of geological events, and the presence and amount of radioactive elements in rocks make it possible to determine their ages. Analyses of rock formations and the fossil record are used to establish relative ages.

In an undisturbed column of rock, the youngest rocks are at the top, and the oldest are at the bottom. Rock layers have sometimes been rearranged by tectonic forces; rearrangements can be seen or inferred, such as from inverted sequences of fossil types. The rock record reveals that events on Earth can be catastrophic, occurring over hours to years, or gradual, occurring over thousands to millions of years. Records of fossils and other rocks also show past periods of massive extinctions and extensive volcanic activity.

Although active geological processes, such as plate tectonics link to ESS2. B and erosion, have destroyed or altered most of the very early rock record on Earth, some other objects in the solar system, such as asteroids and meteorites, have changed little over billions of years. Major historical events include the formation of mountain chains and ocean basins, volcanic activity, the evolution and extinction of living organisms, periods of massive glaciation, and development of watersheds and rivers.

Because many individual plant and animal species existed during known time periods e. Some events on Earth occur in cycles, like day and night, and others have a beginning and an end, like a volcanic eruption. Some events, like an earthquake, happen very quickly; others, such as the formation of the Grand Canyon, occur very slowly, over a time period much longer than one can observe.

Earth has changed over time. Understanding how landforms develop, are weathered broken down into smaller pieces , and erode get transported elsewhere can help infer the history of the current landscape. Local, regional, and global patterns of rock formations reveal changes over time due to Earth forces, such as earthquakes. The presence and location of certain fossil types indicate the order in which rock layers were formed.

Major historical events include the formation of mountain chains and ocean basins, the evolution and extinction of particular living organisms, volcanic eruptions, periods of massive glaciation, and development of watersheds and rivers through glaciation and water erosion. Analyses of rock strata and the fossil record provide only relative dates, not an absolute scale. Radioactive decay lifetimes and isotopic content in rocks provide a way of dating rock formations and thereby fixing the scale of geological time.

Continental rocks, which can be older than 4 billion years, are generally much older than rocks on the ocean floor, which are less than million years old. Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean seafloor at ridges and destroy old seafloor at trenches.

Although active geological processes,. B and erosion, have destroyed or altered most of the very early rock record on Earth, other objects in the solar system, such as lunar rocks, asteroids, and meteorites, have changed little over billions of years. Weather and climate are shaped by complex interactions involving sunlight, the ocean, the atmosphere, clouds, ice, land, and life forms. Earth is a complex system of interacting subsystems: the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.

The geosphere includes a hot and mostly metallic inner core; a mantle of hot, soft, solid rock; and a crust of rock, soil, and sediments. The atmosphere is the envelope of gas surrounding the planet. The hydrosphere is the ice, water vapor, and liquid water in the atmosphere, ocean, lakes, streams, soils, and groundwater. The presence of living organisms of any type defines the biosphere; life can be found in many parts of the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. This energy originates from the sun and from.

Solid rocks, for example, can be formed by the cooling of molten rock, the accumulation and consolidation of sediments, or the alteration of older rocks by heat, pressure, and fluids.

These processes occur under different circumstances and produce different types of rock. Physical and chemical interactions among rocks, sediments, water, air, and plants and animals produce soil.

In the carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles, materials cycle between living and nonliving forms and among the atmosphere, soil, rocks, and ocean. Weather and climate are driven by interactions of the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, with inputs of energy from the sun. The tectonic and volcanic processes that create and build mountains and plateaus, for example, as well as the weathering and erosion processes that break down these structures and transport the products, all involve interactions among the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

The resulting landforms and the habitats they provide affect the biosphere, which in turn modifies these habitats and affects the atmosphere, particularly through imbalances between the carbon capture and oxygen release that occur in photosynthesis, and the carbon release and oxygen capture that occur in respiration and in the burning of fossil fuels to support human activities.

Earth exchanges mass and energy with the rest of the solar system. It gains or loses energy through incoming solar radiation, thermal radiation to space, and gravitational forces exerted by the sun, moon, and planets. Earth gains mass from the impacts of meteoroids and comets and loses mass from the escape of gases into space.

Changes in part of one system can cause further changes to that system or to other systems, often in surprising and complex ways.

Wind and water can change the shape of the land. The resulting landforms, together with the materials on the land, provide homes for living things. The ocean supports a variety of ecosystems and organisms, shapes landforms, and influences climate.

Winds and clouds in the atmosphere interact with the landforms to determine patterns of weather. Rainfall helps shape the land and affects the types of living things found in a region. Water, ice, wind, living organisms, and gravity break rocks, soils, and sediments into smaller particles and move them around. The top part of the mantle, along with the crust, forms structures known as tectonic plates link to ESS2.

These changes can occur on a variety of time scales from sudden e. Tectonic plates are the top parts of giant convection cells that bring matter from the hot inner mantle up to the cool surface. Most continental and ocean floor features are the result of geological activity and earthquakes along plate boundaries.

The exact patterns depend on whether. This history is still being written. Continents are continually being shaped and reshaped by competing constructive and destructive geological processes. North America, for example, has gradually grown in size over the past 4 billion years through a complex set of interactions with other continents, including the addition of many new crustal segments. Rocks, soils, and sand are present in most areas where plants and animals live.

There may also be rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. Maps show where things are located. One can map the shapes and kinds of land and water in any area. The locations of mountain ranges, deep ocean trenches, ocean floor structures, earthquakes, and volcanoes occur in patterns. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur in bands that are often along the boundaries between continents and oceans. Major mountain chains form inside continents or near their edges.

Maps can help locate the different land and water features where people live and in other areas of Earth. Plate tectonics can be viewed as the surface expression of mantle convection. Each of these properties plays a role in how water affects other Earth systems e. Water is found almost everywhere on Earth, from high in the atmosphere as water vapor and ice crystals to low in the atmosphere precipitation, droplets in clouds to mountain snowcaps and glaciers solid to running liquid water on the land, ocean, and underground.

Energy from the sun and the force of gravity drive the continual cycling of water among these reservoirs. Sunlight causes evaporation and propels oceanic and atmospheric circulation, which transports water around the globe.

Gravity causes precipitation to fall from clouds and water to flow downward on the land through watersheds. The relative availability of water is a major factor in distinguishing habitats for different living organisms.

The downward flow of water, both in liquid and solid form, shapes landscapes through the erosion, transport, and deposition of sediment. Shoreline waves in the ocean and lakes are powerful agents of erosion. Over millions of years, coastlines have moved back and forth over continents by hundreds of kilometers, largely due to the rise and fall of sea level as the climate changed e.

Water is found in the ocean, rivers, lakes, and ponds. Whither does it tend… Expand. Save to Library Save. Create Alert Alert. Share This Paper. Figures from this paper. Citation Type. Has PDF. Publication Type. More Filters. Narayana Murthy Chairman. Air India Chairman — Ashwani Lohani. General: Antonio Guterres Portuguese. General : Mukisha Kituyi Kenya. General : Jose Angel Gurria Mexico.

E Upendar Tripathy India. General: Kunio Mikuriya Japan. Amin Kenya. A Race We Must Win. Shaurya Chakra Since : For Given to 14 persons.

Krishna Carnatic Singer. Polly Umrigarh Award. Venkata Ratnam. Dinesh Kumar. S Shashidhar B. K Mishra P. Raghu Ram H. Rajan Shankarnarayan Sturcture Biology. Rudy Rabbinga.

Romer USA. Doshi India. Prasad For : Chiranjeevi. Asia Cup Hockey: Founded : No. Trophies: Naidu Trophy, Khaitan Trophy. Trophies: Walker Trophy, Thamus Cup. Trophies: Uthant Cup, Corbilition Cup. Famous Players: Akansha Singh India. Olympic Games. Asian Games.

Commonwealth Games. Some Important Missiles of India. Surface to Surface List of Joint Military Exercises of India. S Christopher. Ziad: April to May Groundnut. Important food revolutions in India and World.

V Reddy. Recently Appointed Indian Ambassadors and High commissioners. Madagascar — Abhay Kumar on 3 Jan China — Vikram Misri on 7 Jan Colombia — Sanjiv Rajan on 2 Feb Argentina — Dinesh Bhatia on 6 Feb Bhutan — Ruchira Kamboj on 11 Feb Bangladesh — Riva Ganguly Das on 1 March Nigeria and Chad — Abhay Thakur on 1 March Vietnam — Pranay Kumar Verma on 1 March Saudi Arabia — Ausaf Sayeed on 8 March Uzbekistan — Santosh Jha on 13 March Fiji — Padmaja on 15 March Seychelles — Dalbir Suhag Singh on 1 May Eritrea — Subhash Chand on 10 May Indian Permanent representatives to international organizations.

Conference on Disarmament — Gaurav Sobti. World Trade Organization — J. The updated Winners list of World Beauty Pageants Miss Universe Beauty Pageant. Miss World Beauty Pageant. Miss International Beauty Pageant.

Miss Supranational Beauty Pageant. Beauty Pageant in India. Miss India. Info Link: Wold Beauty Pageant awards list download. List of India Ranking in world. Updated: ; List of the Global indexes reports of World and Indian.

Human Development Index. Global Hunger Index. Press Freedom Index. Global Corruption Index. World Happiness Index Report. Global Innovation Index. Social Progress Index. Global Competitiveness Index. World Economic Freedom Index.