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No resource is actually depleted, but people simply lose motivation to work hard. It can also mean that when willpower declines, you can still exert effective self-control if doing so is critical. Think of the chief executive who feels the responsibilities and pressures of leadership during a corporate crisis. In a related criticism of our view, Veronika Job, then at Stanford University, and her colleagues, including Carol Dweck of Stanford, whose innovative theories they built on, have proposed that willpower is limitless and that a person with sufficient motivation can simply keep going.

For these researchers, the idea of ego depletion is an illusion based on a false belief. Our energy-allocation theory does not entirely disagree with the view that people can draw on spare resources for a time. If your willpower is slightly depleted, your body may naturally seek to conserve what remains—but you can still suck it up and perform well if the situation warrants.

Ego-depleted people do the same with willpower. The story, though, grows a little more complicated when examined closely. Kathleen Vohs of the University of Minnesota, Sarah Ainsworth, one of my former graduate students and now at the University of North Florida, and others had shown that cash incentives or leadership responsibilities enable people to sustain self-control even when their willpower is depleted.

But these various studies then initiated a grueling series of exercises, which showed that depletion worsened, and self-control started to diminish. Crucially, those who had been led to believe in unlimited willpower actually did worse than others. That belief had been helpful at first, but in the long run it backfired. Self-control, it seems, can be maintained—but not indefinitely. After all, you do not get an infusion of glucose because you think willpower is unlimited or because you have been promoted to a managerial role.

You just become more willing to spend from your reserves. Eventually a limit is reached. At the beginning, you may spend freely, but ultimately you seriously risk running out of money.

Some of these findings overturn prevailing ideas about various forms of addiction. Alan I. Substance abuse becomes involuntary, and the compulsion lingers even when the addict earnestly desires to quit. Willpower and volition disappear once addiction takes hold. As addiction grows, the decision to grab the pipe does not suddenly become involuntary. Heroin or cigarettes evoke pleasant feelings that develop into a longing for these substances. The desire is not always overwhelming, however.

In a study by Wilhelm Hofmann, now at the University of Cologne in Germany, people were contacted at random throughout the week and asked to report on any desires that came to mind. Yearnings for cigarettes or alcohol were rated as weaker than any others. This and other findings indicate that the addict experiences an intermittent stream of one mild urge after another.

The frequently recurring nature of these urges is what makes quitting a challenge. But the addict is not beset by the mythically insurmountable difficulty of resisting an overwhelming desire. The controversy about whether addicts are still in control will likely persist. Arguments from politicians, drug counselors and others help to sustain the myth that addiction is rooted in overwhelming, uncontrollable urges.

Many addicts themselves favor this viewpoint because it exonerates them from personal responsibility. The media often promulgate these arguments, perhaps because actors and other celebrities who develop an addiction want to retain the love and loyalty of their fan base, an easier task if they can attribute their drug use to external demons and uncontrollable psychological drives. Fans might not be so forgiving if celebrities just admitted that they simply like taking drugs.

A survey in the U. But those who received compensation for their work preferred to think that addicts are helpless and cannot get better without expert help. This argument is not intended to suggest that clinicians are in it only for the money. But when a controversy arises, financial incentives probably make it easier for people to endorse evidence that goes along with their own interests and to spot flaws in counterarguments. Another addiction myth holds that cravings grow more acute only when quitting an addictive substance.

A clever study by Michael Sayette of the University of Pittsburgh and his colleagues demonstrated that smokers believed that their desire would increase steadily over time, especially if they were told they could not light up. The study also showed that these beliefs were wrong. Some participants had to abstain for a time and report their desire to smoke as part of the study protocol.

Instead of the desire for a cigarette rising steadily, it went up and down unpredictably. Other studies have found that when a smoker quits, the desire to smoke goes down immediately and mostly stays in abeyance.

If the addict relapses, as happens frequently, it is not because of an overwhelmingly strong urge for a cigarette. But until recently, few have considered that starting a drug habit and staying addicted also require self-control.

Most of us do not really like the first taste of beer or the first puff of a cigarette. Public health warnings about their dangers can also dissuade indulging for the first time. Willpower, in fact, is needed to overcome those negative influences and take the first steps on the path toward addiction. To sustain an addiction over a long period, a user must expend a substantial amount of energy to ensure that a habit does not interfere with work, family and relationships. Consider smoking.

So many restrictions exist today that smokers need to craft elaborate plans to sneak a cigarette. When my former university introduced rules prohibiting professors from smoking in their offices, one colleague struggled heroically to comply.

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Buy this book right NOW and start your journey towards self discipline and a life of greater freedom. Wouldn't it be great to have the willpower of an Olympic champion? Note from the Network : The holder of this profile has certified having all necessary rights, licenses, and authorization to post the files listed below. Visitors are welcome to copy or use any files for noncommercial or journalistic purposes provided they credit the profile holder and cite this page as the source. Roy F. Last edited by user: December 22, Visits since June 9, , Overview Research Publications Teaching Files Contact I am currently interested in five different research topics: 1 Self-control, choice, decision making.

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